Toxicity of Sida rhombifolia L. 96% ethanol extract based on LD50 and macropathological examination of mice's organs

  • Desi Nadya Aulena Departement of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12640, Indonesia
  • Shirly Kumala Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12640, Indonesia
  • Syamsudin Abdillah Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12640, Indonesia
  • Deni Rahmat Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12640, Indonesia
  • Sarah Zaidan Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila, South Jakarta, Jakarta, 12640, Indonesia
  • Dwi Fitriyani Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sains and Thecnology, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang, Indonesia
  • Dany Raihan Faculty of UBC Vantage College, University of British Colombia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v22i1.1463

Abstract

The Indonesian people empirically use Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.) in medicine, such as anti-hyperuricemia. Herbal-based treatment is currently much preferred. Drug metabolism, in general, mainly occurs in the liver, so the possibility of damage to this organ is high. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity category of 96% ethanol extract of sidaguri based on the LD50 value, changes in body weight, changes in organ weight, and macro pathology in the organs of male DDY mice in vivo. The method used in this research was experimental with a fixed dose design following the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority regulations regarding guidelines for in vivo non-clinical toxicity tests. The test group was divided into six dose groups (standard, 50, 300, 2000, 5000, and 15000 mg/kg Body of weight). Observations were made for 24 hours. Observations were continued for 14 days on death parameters, toxicity symptoms, body weight, and relative organ weights using five main organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys, and pathological examination). The acute toxicity test results showed no death in all dose treatment groups. Macropathological analysis did not show abnormalities in organs in all groups of mice. LD50 value is more than 15000 mg/kg. Sidaguri 96% ethanol extract is safe and Practically non-toxic.

References

[1] S. Sam, “Importance and effectiveness of herbal medicines,” J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 354–357, 2019.

[2] J. Jumain, S. Syahruni, and F. Farid, “Uji Toksisitas Akut dan LD50 Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Euphatorium odoratum Linn) Pada Mencit (Mus musculus),” Media Farm., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 28, 2018, doi: 10.32382/mf.v14i1.82.

[3] I. M. Sumarya, I. W. Suarda, N. L. G. Sudaryati, and I. Sitepu, “Benefits of biopharmaca products towards healthy Indonesia,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1469, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1469/1/012133.

[4] M. Rafi et al., “Identification of Sida rhombifolia from Its Related Plants Using Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analysis,” Indones. J. Chem., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 21–32, 2023, doi: 10.22146/ijc.73077.

[5] N. S. Aminah, E. R. Laili, M. Rafi, A. Rochman, M. Insanu, and K. N. W. Tun, “Secondary metabolite compounds from Sida genus and their bioactivity,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06682.

[6] A. J. P. Assam, J. P. Dzoyem, C. A. Pieme, and V. B. Penlap, “In vitro antibacterial activity and acute toxicity studies of aqueous-methanol extract of Sida rhombifolia Linn. (Malvaceae).,” BMC Complement. Altern. Med., vol. 10, p. 40, 2010, doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-40.

[7] S. H. Mah, S. S. Teh, and G. C. L. Ee, “Anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinergic and cytotoxic effects of Sida Rhombifolia,” Pharm. Biol., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 920–928, 2017, doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285322.

[8] F. C. Rodrigues and A. F. M. de Oliveira, “The genus Sida L. (Malvaceae): An update of its ethnomedicinal use, pharmacology and phytochemistry,” South African J. Bot., vol. 132, pp. 432–462, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.04.030.

[9] D. Debalke, M. Birhan, A. Kinubeh, and M. Yayeh, “Assessments of Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous-Ethanolic Extracts of Sida rhombifolia’s Aerial Part,” Sci. World J., vol. 2018, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/8429809.

[10] S. Kumar, P. K. Lakshmi, C. Sahi, and R. S. Pawar, “Sida cordifolia accelerates wound healing process delayed by dexamethasone in rats: Effect on ROS and probable mechanism of action,” J. Ethnopharmacol., vol. 235, pp. 279–292, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.003.

[11] A. H. Karomah et al., “UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based Untargeted Metabolomics of Sida rhombifolia Leaves and Stem Extracts,” HAYATI J. Biosci., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 770–778, 2023, doi: 10.4308/hjb.30.4.770-778.

[12] E. O. Erhirhie, C. P. Ihekwereme, and E. E. Ilodigwe, “Advances in acute toxicity testing: Strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance,” Interdiscip. Toxicol., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 5–12, 2018, doi: 10.2478/intox-2018-0001.

[13] M. Kifayatullah, M. S. Mustafa, P. Sengupta, M. M. R. Sarker, A. Das, and S. K. Das, “Evaluation of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. in BALB/c mice,” J. Acute Dis., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 309–315, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.joad.2015.06.010.

[14] N. A. Pratiwi, R. Susanti, and N. U. Purwanti, “UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI BUAH CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus champeden L.) TERHADAP TIKUS BETINA (Rattus norvegicus L.) GALUR WISTAR,” J. Kesehat. Khatulistiwa, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 1, 2022, doi: 10.26418/jurkeswa.v8i2.54182.

[15] A. K. Nisa, R. Choesrina, and F. Lestari, “Studi Literatur Uji Toksisitas Akut Pada Beberapa Ekstrak Tumbuhan,” Pros. Farm., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 694–698, 2020, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/.v6i2.23683

[16] N. Rossiana et al., “Urgency longterm oil sludge biophytoremediation: Acute, subchronic toxicity on liver and kidney rats,” Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 19, p. 100766, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.100766.
Published
2024-04-30
How to Cite
AULENA, Desi Nadya et al. Toxicity of Sida rhombifolia L. 96% ethanol extract based on LD50 and macropathological examination of mice's organs. JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 1, p. 21-27, apr. 2024. ISSN 2614-6495. Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1463>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v22i1.1463.
Citation Formats
Issue
Vol 22 No 1 (2024): JIFI
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Licencing
All articles in Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia are an open-access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium.

This licence applies to Author(s) and Public Reader means that the users mays :

  • SHARE:
    copy and redistribute the article in any medium or format
  • ADAPT:
    remix, transform, and build upon the article (eg.: to produce a new research work and, possibly, a new publication)
  • ALIKE:
    If you remix, transform, or build upon the article, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
  • NO ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS:
    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

It does however mean that when you use it you must:

  • ATTRIBUTION: You must give appropriate credit to both the Author(s) and the journal, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

You may not:

  • NONCOMMERCIAL: You may not use the article for commercial purposes.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.