Effectiveness of nutmeg flesh extract (Myristica fragrans H) as an immunomodulator using the carbon clearance method in mice (Mus musculus)
Abstract
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans H) is composed of secondary metabolite compounds, among which flavonoids significantly contribute to its immunomodulatory properties. Using the carbon clearance method, this study aims to determine the efficacy of nutmeg flesh extract (NFE) as an immunomodulator. Negative control (Na-CMC 0.5%), normal control (Na-CMC 0.5%), immunostimulant positive control (Imboost® Force 0.91mg/20 g BW of mice), immunosuppressant positive control (methylprednisolone® 0.015 mg/20 g BW of mice), dose I (5 mg/20 g BW of mice), dose II (10 mg/20 g BW of mice), and dose III (20 mg/20 g BB mice) comprised the seven groups of 35 white male mice (DDY). The assessed parameters included organ index, absorbance, and the phagocytosis constant and index. The immunostimulant effect of NFE was demonstrated by the phagocytosis index values of 1.225 (indicating moderate immunostimulation), 1.512 (indicating moderate immunostimulation), and 2.202 (indicating strong immunostimulation) for NFE dose I, II, and III, respectively. The lymphoid organ index may have increased among the three NFE treatment groups, according to the results of organ index measurements. We can conclude, Nutmeg Flesh Extract (NFE) has an immunomodulatory effect in the immunostimulant category, as well as increased phagocytosis activity and lymphoid organ index.
References
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[38] I. Wessels, M. Maywald, and L. Rink, “Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function,” Nutrients, p. 9, 2017.
[2] M. Faradilla and M. I. Iwo, “Efek Imunomodulator Polisakarida Rimpang Temu Putih [Curcuma zedoaria(Christm.) Roscoe)],” Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 273–278, 2014.
[3] G. Periasamy, A. Karim, M. Gibrelibanos, G. Gebremedhin, and A.-H. Gilani, “Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Oils,” in Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 607–616. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00069-9.
[4] J. R. Assa, S. Widjanarko, J. Kusnadi, and S. Berhimpon, “Antioxidant Potential of Flesh, Seed and Mace of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt),” Int J Chemtech Res, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2460–2468, 2014.
[5] B. L. Sari, N. S. A. L. Elfrieda, K. Marsuan, P. Sapitri, and A. Hafidh, “Aktivitas antioksidan dan studi in silico ekstrak buah pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt),” Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–40, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.47219/ath.v7i1.142.
[6] G. Guntur, H. Harlia, and A. Sapar, “Identifikasi Komponen Minyak Atsiri Daging Buah Pala (Myristica Fraghans
Houtt.) Asal Pulau Lemukutan dan Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Menggunakan Metode Stabilisasi Menbran RBCs (Red Blood Cells),” Al-Kimia, vol. 7, no. 2, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.24252/al-kimia.v7i2.11276.
[7] D. Anastasia, Z. M. Nasution, and R. Yulianti, “Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Pala Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Streptococcus Viridans,” JKGM, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11–14, 2022.
[8] P. C. H. Hollman, M. G. L. Hertog, and M. B. Katan, “Analysis and Health Effects of Flavonoids,” Food Chem, 1996.
[9] M. S. Septilina and R. Enriyani, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Terhadap Kualitas Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt),” Warta akab, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 17–23, 2021.
[10] S. G. Sipahelut, Variasi Komposisi Kimia Minyak Atsiri Dari Daging Buah. 2013.
[11] A. C. Carr and S. Maggini, “Vitamin C and Immune Function,” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1211, 2017.
[12] L. R. Agaus and R. V Agaus, “Manfaat Kesehatan Tanaman Pala (Myristica fragrans) (Health Benefits of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans ),” Medula, vol. 6, no. 3, 2019.
[13] L. A. Rosalia and V. A. Reski, “Manfaat Kesehatan Tanaman Pala (Myristica fragrans) (Health Benefits of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)),” Medula, pp. 662–666, 2019.
[14] M. T. Rahman and S. Z. Idid, “Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment,” Biol Trace Elem Res, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 550–558, 2021.
[15] Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan, Pedoman Teknologi Formulasi Sediaan Berbasis Ektrak. Jakarta: Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia, 2013.
[16] Fakhruzy, Kasim. A, A. Asben, and A. Anwar, “Review: Optimasi Metode Maserasi Untuk Ekstraksi Tanin Rendemen Tinggi,” MENARA Ilmu, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 38–40, 2020.
[17] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Farmakope Herbal Indonesia, 2nd ed. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2017.
[18] E. Hanani, Analisis Fitokimia. Jakarta: EGC, 2015.
[19] K. K. Agustina, “Kesejahteraan Hewan Laboratorium Denpasar: Laboratorium Kesehatan Masyarakat
Veteriner,” Universitas Udayana, 2015.
[20] R. Muthia, “Efek Imunomodulator Infusa Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherina palmifolia L. Merr) Dengan Metode Bersihan Karbon,” Jurnal Pharmascience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 63–70, 2018.
[21] Y. Aldi, S. Oktavia, and S. B. Yenni, “Uji Efek Imunomodulator dari Ekstrak Daun Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dengan Metode Carbon Clearance dan Menghitung Jumlah Sel Leukosit pada Mencit Putih Jantan,” Jurnal Farmasi Higea, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 20–31, 2016.
[22] H. Wagner, S. Kraus, and K. Jurcic, “Search for potent immunostimulating agents from plants and other natural sources,” Immunomodulatory Agents from Plants, 1999.
[23] C. T. Dareda, E. Suryanto, and L. I. Momuat, “Karakterisasi dan aktivitas antioksidan serat pangan dari daging buah pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt),” Chemistry Progress, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 48–55, 2020.
[24] E. Makanaung, A. J. Rorong, and E. Suryanto, “Analisis Fitokimia Dan Uji Efek Sedatif Dari Ekstrak Etanol Dan Beberapa Fraksi Daging Buah Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt),” Chem.Prog, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2021.
[25] S. M. Sirait and R. Enriyani, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Terhadap Kualitas Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt),” WARTA AKAB, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 17–23, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.55075/wa.v45i2.42.
[26] A. L. Hakim and R. Saputri, “Narrative review : optimasi etanol sebagai pelarut senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik narrative review : Optimization of Ethanol as a Solvent for Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds Abstrak,” Jurnal Surya Medica (JSM), vol. 6, 2020.
[27] M. I. Iwo, M. Insanu, and C. A. S. Dass, “Development of Immunonutrient from Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata Duchense Ex. Lamk.) Seed,” Procedia Chem, p. 13, 2014.
[28] C. Rosales and E. Uribe-Querol, “Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity,” Biomed Res Int, 2017.
[29] F. P. Luhurningtyas and N. Dyahariesti, “Uji Efek Imunomodulator Ekstrak Biji Karika (Carica pubescens Lenne K. Koch) terhadap Peningkatan Aktivitas Fagositosis pada Mencit Putih Swiss Webster,” Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ), vol. 2, no. 1, 2020.
[30] J. Punt, S. A. Stranford, P. P. Jones, and J. A. Owen, Kuby Immunology, 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2018.
[31] G. A. Parker and C. A. Picut, “Immune Functioning in Non lymphoid Organs: The Liver,” Toxicol Pathol, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 237–247, Feb. 2012, doi: 10.1177/0192623311428475.
[32] I. Puspitaningrum, L. Kusmita, and Y. D. Franyoto, “Aktivitas Imunomodulator Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Som Jawa (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd) Terhadap Respon Imun Spesifik,” Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, vol. 15, no. 2, 2017.
[33] G. Rashidian et al., “The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila,” J Mar Sci Eng, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 325, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/jmse10030325.
[34] F. J. Pérez-Cano and M. Castell, “Flavonoids, inflammation and immune system,” Nutrients, p. 8, 2016.
[35] G. Rashidian, K. Shahin, G. E. Elshopakey, H. H. Mahboub, A. Fahim, and H. Elabd, “The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila,” J Mar Sci Eng, vol. 10, no. 3, 2022.
[36] M. L. Handoyono, “Efek Ekstrak Etanolik Buah Labu Air (Langenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley) Sebagai Imunomodulator Melalui Pengamatan Kapasitas dan Indeks Fagositosis Makrofag Pada Tikus Jantan Sprague dawley Yang Dipejani Doksorubisin,” Skripsi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, 2013.
[37] N. A. Tambusai, “Uji Efek Imunomodulator Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalia, Delile) Terhadap Aktivitas Fagositosis Sel Imun pada Mencit Jantan Dengan Metode Karbon Klirens,” Skripsi, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2018.
[38] I. Wessels, M. Maywald, and L. Rink, “Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function,” Nutrients, p. 9, 2017.
Published
2024-10-31
How to Cite
ROKHMAH, Nisa Najwa; HERLINA, Nina; ANANDA, Syindi Yulia.
Effectiveness of nutmeg flesh extract (Myristica fragrans H) as an immunomodulator using the carbon clearance method in mice (Mus musculus).
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 2, p. 297-306, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2614-6495.
Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1517>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v22i2.1517.
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