Evaluation of Anti-Acne Gel of Piper crocatum Leaves Ethanolic Extract against Propionibacterium acnes
Abstract
The red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) exhibited antibacterial properties by inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes, known for causing acne. The study aimed to develop an anti-acne gel formulation using Piper crocatum leaves ethanolic extract and to evaluate its antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes. The extract was formulated into three gel formulas, with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, with Clindamycin gel as the positive control. The inhibition diameter were analyzed statistically using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD tests at a 95% confidence level. The result showed that the gel met the physical test requirements. The inhibition zone of the samples was observed with an inhibition diameter of 7.98 mm, 8.06 mm, and 8.16 mm for 15%, 20%, and 30% extract of gel, respectively, compared to the positive control 27.60 mm (p < 0,05). The research findings indicate that anti-acne gel of Piper crocatum leaves ethanolic extract exhibit moderate antibacterial activity in an in vitro setting. Statistically significant differences in inhibition diameters were observed between each gel sample and positive control.
References
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[33] S. Björklund, J. Engblom, K. Thuresson, and E. Sparr, “Glycerol and Urea can be Used to Increase Skin Permeability in Reduced Hydration Conditions,” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 638–645, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.022.
[2] H. Zahra, R. Meylinda, A. D. Zulfa, N. M. Rahmah, and S. Rahayu, “Penyembuhan Jerawat dengan Binahong dan Keterkaitannya dengan Islam,” J. Pros., vol. 4, pp. 160–162, 2022.
[3] I. N. E. Lister, Daun Sirih Merah Manfaat Untuk Kesehatan. Medan: Unpri Press, 2020.
[4] N. Jubair, M. Rajagopal, S. Chinnappan, N. B. Abdullah, and A. Fatima, “Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR),” Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med., vol. 2021, pp. 1–30, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/3663315.
[5] M. A. Chandra, I. Kuncahyo, and A. Indrayati, “Optimization of Quercetin Gel Formulation using Factorial Design Method and Antibacterial Test against Propionibacterium acnes,” Borneo J. Pharm., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 126–135, 2022, doi: 10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3321.
[6] A. A. Nabila, R. Aisyah, E. M. Sutrisna, and L. M. Dewi, “Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz &Pav.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus,” Proceeding B. Natl. Symp. Work. Contin. Med. Educ. XIV, pp. 344–359, 2020.
[7] T. Rinanda, Zulfitri, and D. M. Alga, “Antibacterial Activity of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Leaf Methanolic Extracts against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Proc. 2nd Annu. Int. Conf. Syiah Kuala Univ. 2012 8th IMT-GT Uninet Biosci. Conf., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 270–275, 2012.
[8] W. Rahmaningtyas et al., “Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah ( Piper Crocatum) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes,” J. Mhs. Kesehat., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 53–61, 2022.
[9] L. Heliawati, S. Lestari, U. Hasanah, D. Ajiati, and D. Kurnia, “Phytochemical Profile of Antibacterial Agents from Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) against Bacteria in Dental Caries,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27092861.
[10] F. Chairunisa, M. Safithri, and M. Bintang, “Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Red Betel Leaves (Piper crocatum) and Its Fractions against Escherichia coli pBR322,” Curr. Biochem., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2022.
[11] V. Syafriana and R. Rusyita, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Pertumbuhan Propionibacterium acnes,” Sainstech farma, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 9–11, 2017.
[12] P. J. Sinko, “Diffusion,” in Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Sixth ed., P. J. Sinko, Ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2011, pp. 223–257.
[13] B. tri Andika, D. Rahmawati, and H. Kuncoro, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Formulasi Gel Ektrak Etanol Daun Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia),” Proceeding Mulawarman Pharm. Conf., no. April 2021, pp. 135–138, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://prosiding.farmasi.unmul.ac.id/index.php/mpc/article/view/547/469.
[14] R. Shankar, B. Sarangi, R. Gupta, and K. Pathak, “Formulation and Characterization of Polyherbal Cream for Skin Manifestations,” J. Asian Assoc. Sch. Pharm., vol. 1, pp. 360–366, 2016.
[15] N. M. D. S. Suena, N. P. U. Antari, and E. Cahyaningsih, “Evaluasi Mutu Fisik Formula Body Butter Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.),” J. Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 63–69, 2016.
[16] E. Pogaga, P. V. Y. Yamlean, and J. S. Lebang, “Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Murbei (Morus alba L.) Menggunakan Metode DPPH (1,1-Dipehnyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl),” Pharmacon, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 349–356, 2020.
[17] P. Djarot, I. Diana, and D. Indriati, “Formulasi dan Uji Antibakteri Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Mangga Arumanis (Mangifera indica L.) sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes,” FITOFARMAKA J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 84–96, 2020, doi: 10.33751/jf.v10i1.2072.
[18] A. F. Tsabitah, A. K. Zulkarnain, M. S. H. Wahyuningsih, and D. A. A. Nugrahaningsih, “Optimasi Carbomer, Propilen Glikol, dan Trietanolamin Dalam Formulasi Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia),” Maj. Farm., vol. 16, no. 2, p. 111, 2020, doi: 10.22146/farmaseutik.v16i2.45666.
[19] A. L. Triananda and A. Wijaya, “Formulasi dan Uji Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Petai Cina (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De. Wit) dengan Basis Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC),” J. Kefarmasian Akfarindo, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 29–36, 2021, doi: 10.37089/jofar.vi0.100.
[20] K. Khairan, S. Septiya, and Murniana, “Antibacterial activity of Magnolia alba flower extracts on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 711, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/711/1/012017.
[21] A. T. Florence and D. Attwood, Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 4th Ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2005.
[22] F. I. Safitri, D. Nawangsari, and D. Febrina, “Overview: Application of Carbopol 940 in Gel,” Adv. Heal. Sci. Res., vol. 34, pp. 80–84, 2021, doi: 10.2991/ahsr.k.210127.018.
[23] R. C. Rowe, P. J. Sheskey, and M. E. Quinn, “Pharmaceutical Excipients,” Remingt. Sci. Pract. Pharm., pp. 633–643, 2020, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-820007-0.00032-5.
[24] Nurfitriyana, R. Yanuarti, and I. D. Pangesti, “Formulasi , Evaluasi dan Uji Antibakteri Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.) sebagai Anti Jerawat,” Iontech, vol. 02, no. 02, pp. 50–59, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://iontech.ista.ac.id/index.php/iontech.
[25] A. Garg, D. Aggarwal, S. Garg, and A. K. Singla, “Spreading of semisolid formulations: An update,” Pharm. Technol. North Am., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 84–105, 2002.
[26] F. U. Datta, A. N. Daki, I. Benu, A. I. R. Detha, N. D. F. K. Foeh, and N. A. Ndaong, “Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Bakteri Asam Laktat Cairan Rumen terhadap Pertumbuhan Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus Menggunakan Metode Difusi Sumur Agar,” Pros. Semin. Nas. VII Fak. Kedokt. Hewan Univ. Nusa Cendana, pp. 66–85, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://ejurnal.undana.ac.id/JKV/index%0A66.
[27] F. Alvionida, N. Sulistyani, and N. Sugihartini, “Composition of Carbopol 940 and HPMC Affects Antibacterial Activity of Beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.)) Leaves Extract Gel,” Pharmaciana, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 427–438, 2021, doi: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v11i3.20017.
[28] E. S. Wahyuningsih, W. Sumaryono, and C. Chaidir, “Combination Gel Formulation Extracts of Moringa Leaf and Red Betel Leaf as an Inhibitor of Acne-Causing Bacteria (Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus),” J. Fitofarmaka Indones., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 18–23, 2021, doi: 10.33096/jffi.v8i3.727.
[29] W. Yang, X. Chen, Y. Li, S. Guo, Z. Wang, and X. Yu, “Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids,” Nat. Prod. Commun., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1–13, 2020, doi: 10.1177/1934578X20903555.
[30] M. M. Cowan, “Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents,” Am. Soc. Microbiol., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1564–582, 1999, doi: 10.3390/curroncol14040004.
[31] A. Anastasia, Y. Yuliet, and M. R. Tandah, “Formulasi Sediaan Mouthwash Pencegah Plak Gigi Ekstrak Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) Dan Uji Efektivitas Pada Bakteri Streptococcus mutans: Mouthwash Formulation of Tooth Plaque Preventing of Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) Seed Extract and Effectivity Test on,” J. Farm. Galen. (Galenika J. Pharmacy), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 84–92, 2017.
[32] E. I. Stout and A. McKessor, “Glycerin-Based Hydrogel for Infection Control,” Adv. Wound Care, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 48–51, 2012, doi: 10.1089/wound.2011.0288.
[33] S. Björklund, J. Engblom, K. Thuresson, and E. Sparr, “Glycerol and Urea can be Used to Increase Skin Permeability in Reduced Hydration Conditions,” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 638–645, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.022.
Published
2024-04-30
How to Cite
MENDRA, Ni Nyoman Yudianti; GIVANDA, Jesi Dyah Ayu; PUTRA, Made Agus Sunadi.
Evaluation of Anti-Acne Gel of Piper crocatum Leaves Ethanolic Extract against Propionibacterium acnes.
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 1, apr. 2024.
ISSN 2614-6495.
Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1564>. Date accessed: 21 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v22i1.1564.
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