Characteristic and therapeutic effect of lemongrass leaf encapsulation with a different ratio of chitosan and NaTPP
Abstract
The lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) in Indonesia has great potential as a natural ingredient for medicines because it contains various compounds such as neral, citral, geranial acetate, flavonoids, and tannins. Previous research has demonstrated various pharmacological activities of kitchen lemongrass leaves, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Encapsulation technology in the form of chitosan-NaTPP nanoparticles is used to maintain the activity of kitchen lemongrass leaf compounds. This research aims to determine the physical characteristics of the encapsulation of kitchen lemongrass leaf extract with several comparisons of chitosan and NaTPP by testing PSA (particle size analysis test), FTIR (functional group analysis test), viscosity, and stability, including pH and turbidity tests. Encapsulation with a 1:1 ratio of chitosan and NaTPP has a particle size of 524 nm and a PdI value of 0.481, classified as monodisperse (PdI <0.7). The pH value ranges from 6.46 to 7.30, and the viscosity value was 2.134–2.169 cP, which is still within mouthwash standards. The turbidity test showed stable encapsulation results. Therefore, encapsulation with a 1:1 ratio of chitosan and NaTPP is the most optimal choice and has potential for developing the therapeutic effect of mouthwash.
References
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[27] F. Livia, R. Tjandrawinata, C. D. Marpaung, D. Pratiwi, dan Komariah, The effect of horn beetle nano chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the surface roughness of glass-ionomer cement, Materials Science Forum, vol. 1069, pp. 161–166, 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-5mk858.
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[32] G. Morales-Olán, S. Luna-Suárez, J. D. D. Figueroa-Cárdenas, M. Corea, and M. Rojas-López, Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Particles Loaded with Antioxidants Extracted from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds, Int. J. Anal. Chem., vol. 2021, 2021.
[33] Noval, Melviani, Novia, and D. Syahrina, Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan obat kumur (mouthwash) dari ekstrak etanol tanaman bundung (Actinoscirpus grossus) sebagai antiseptik mulut, Jurnal Surya Medika, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 112–120, 2020.
[34] Ririn, A. I. Tandjung, and S. Wagola, Formulasi sediaan mouthwash dari sari buah sirih (Piper betle L.) varietas siriboah, As-Syifaa, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 153–161, 2013.
[35] A. U. Yap, F. Kurniawan, Y. Pragustine, and C. Marpaung, Temporomandibular Disorder and Somatic Symptoms: Relations to Fear of Missing Out and Other Negative Emotional States, Acta Odontol. Scand., vol. 83, pp. 340–347, 2024, doi: 10.2340/aos.v83.40776.
[36] Gusnawati, Z. Sabara, Munira, and S. Bakhri, Karakterisasi mutu pasta gigi dengan penambahan garam dan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) ditinjau dari SNI 12-3524-1995, Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2022.
[37] Syarmalina, D. Wirawan, and D. Rahmat, Formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak temu lawak berbasis kitosan sebagai antijerawat, Medical Sains, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 153–158, 2019.
[38] F. Livia, R. Tjandrawinata, C. D. Marpaung, D. Pratiwi, and K. Komariah, The Effect of Horn Beetle Nano Chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the Hardness of Glass-Ionomer Cement, J. Indones. Dent. Assoc., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 27–31, 2022, doi: 10.32793/jida.v5i1.719.
[39] N. Noval, R. Rosyifa, and A. Annisa, Effect of HPMC Concentration Variation as Gelling Agent on Physical Stability of Formulation Gel Ethanol Extract Bundung Plants (Actinuscirpus Grossus), in European Alliance for Innovation, 2020.
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[41] D. T. Arya et al., Sintesis nanopartikel zirkonium dioksida (ZrO₂) dengan metode sol gel menggunakan ekstrak nanas sebagai pengkelat untuk aplikasi nanofluida pendingin, PILLAR OF PHYSICS, vol. 8, pp. 25–32, 2016.
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[2] Y. U. Salami, H. Jusuf, and L. N. S. Ayini, Pengaruh perasan daun serai dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap kematian larva Aedes aegypti, Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 32–42, 2020.
[3] B. P. Brü̈gger, L. C. Martínez, A. Plata-Rueda, B. M. de C. Castro, M. A. Soares, C. F. Wilcken, et al., Bioactivity of the Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil and its terpenoid constituents on the predatory bug, Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1, 2019.
[4] K. Komariah, W. Poedjiastoeti, R. Amtha, S. Lestari, E. Fibryanto, A. D. P. Roberto, et al., Pemanfaatan limbah serai dapur sebagai obat kumur dan hand sanitizer untuk meningkatkan pemberdayaan ekonomi, Abdi Moestopo: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74–82, 2022.
[5] M. Pateiro, B. Gómez, P. E. S. Munekata, F. J. Barba, P. Putnik, D. B. Kovačević, et al., Nanoencapsulation of promising bioactive compounds to improve their absorption, stability, functionality and the appearance of the final food products, Molecules, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1–26, 2021.
[6] Y. Juliantoni, W. Hajrin, and W. A. Subaidah, Nanoparticle formula optimization of juwet seeds extract (Syzygium cumini) using simplex lattice design method, Jurnal Biologi Tropis, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 416–422, 2020.
[7] E. T. Webber and M. J. Pashuck, (Macro) molecular self-assembly for hydrogel drug delivery, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 172, pp. 275–295, 2021.
[8] A. Indriani Putri, A. Sundaryono, and I. Nyoman Candra, Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik, Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Kimia, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 203–207, 2018.
[9] V. Purwandari, I. Isnaeni, R. Rahmi, A. Z. Akbari, and M. Z. Akbari, Formulasi nanoenkapsulasi ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) /Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat (NaTPP), Journal of Science and Applicative Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 77, 2022.
[10] U. Chasanah, N. Mahmintari, F. Hidayah, F. A. E. Maghfiroh, D. Rahmasari, and R. W. Nugraheni, Thin-layer hydration method to prepare a green tea extract niosomal gel and its antioxidant performance, European Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 126–136, 2021.
[11] B. W. M. Van Swaaij, D. E. Slot, G. A. Van Der Weijden, M. F. Timmerman, and J. M. Ruben, Fluoride, pH value, and titratable acidity of commercially available mouthwashes, International Dental Journal, Dec. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2023.09.002
[12] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi VI. Jakarta: Depkes RI, 2020.
[13] A. Putri, M. S. Rusli, and D. Setyaningsih, Enkapsulasi campuran minyak atsiri sebagai produk sediaan aromaterapi dengan teknik koaservasi kompleks,Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 299–307, 2020.
[14] I. Klojdová, T. Milota, J. Smetanová, and C. Stathopoulos, Encapsulation: A strategy to deliver therapeutics and bioactive compounds?, Pharmaceuticals, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 2–19, 2023.
[15] D. O. Z. Hulwah, J. Bobsaid, M. Ramadhani, and Y. Setiawati, Efektivitas mouthwash berbahan dasar ekstrak Camellia sinensis dan Mentha piperita sebagai antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans, Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 30–39, 2022.
[16] D. Fitri, N. Z. W. Kiromah, and T. C. Widiastuti, Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) pada berbagai variasi komposisi kitosan dengan metode gelasi ionik, JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 61, 2020.
[17] R. Indraswary, R. Amalina, and A. Firmansyah, Effects of nano chitosan mouth spray on the epithelial thickness in the traumatic ulcus healing process (In vivo), MEDALI Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 95–103, 2022.
[18] G. N. Sumeisey, S. D. Umboh, and T. E. Tallei, Penyalutan bakteri asam laktat menggunakan nanopartikel kitosan, Pharmacon, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 843–850, 2019.
[19] G. G. Kusumo and D. Dipahayu, The effect of nano extract formulation on antioxidant activity of 70% ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato’s leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) antin-3 variety, Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 43–47, 2022.
[20] M. Kozłowska, I. Ścibisz, J. L. Przybył, A. E. Laudy, E. Majewska, K. Tarnowska, et al, Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts from selected plant material, Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 19, p. 9871, 2022.
[21] W. Adiningsih, R. L. Vifta, R. Yuswantina, Studi PS, dan F. I. Kesehatan, Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etanol 96% buah strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes, Generics: Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2021.
[22] Noviyanti, Pengaruh kepolaran pelarut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun jambu brazil batu (Psidium guineense L.) dengan metode DPPH, Jurnal Farmako Bahari, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 29–35, 2016.
[23] M. M. Nichitoi, A. M. Josceanu, R. D. Isopescu, G. O. Isopencu, E. I. Geana, C. T. Ciucure, et al., Polyphenolics profile effects upon the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts, Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021.
[24] I. D. Rahayu, W. Widodo, I. Prihartini, dan A. Winaya, Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome against Salmonella spp., Biodiversitas, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 3322–3327, 2019.
[25] R. S. Triatmojo, Pembuatan dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun nangka (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.) pada berbagai variasi komposisi kitosan-natrium tripolifosfat, 2018.
[26] R. Ambarwati dan Y. Yulianita, Physical evaluation of transfersome that contains pandan leaves extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius R.), Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 369–374, 2021.
[27] F. Livia, R. Tjandrawinata, C. D. Marpaung, D. Pratiwi, dan Komariah, The effect of horn beetle nano chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the surface roughness of glass-ionomer cement, Materials Science Forum, vol. 1069, pp. 161–166, 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-5mk858.
[28] V. Nurviana, Potensi Antidioksidan Sediaan Nanopartikel Ekstrak Kernel Biji Limus (Mangifera foetida Lour), Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 144–151, 2020.
[29] A. Masykuroh and H. Puspasari, Aktivitas anti bakteri nano partikel perak (NPP) hasil biosintesis menggunakan ekstrak keladi sarawak Alocasia macrorrhizos terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli, BIOMA: Jurnal Biologi Makassar, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 76–85, 2022.
[30] I. Antasionasti, I. Jayanto, S. S. Abdullah, and J. P. Siampa, “Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat antioksidan, CHEMISTRY PROGRESS, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 77–85, 2020.
[31] A. I. Putri, A. Sundaryono, and I. N. Candra, Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik, Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 203–207, 2018.
[32] G. Morales-Olán, S. Luna-Suárez, J. D. D. Figueroa-Cárdenas, M. Corea, and M. Rojas-López, Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Particles Loaded with Antioxidants Extracted from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds, Int. J. Anal. Chem., vol. 2021, 2021.
[33] Noval, Melviani, Novia, and D. Syahrina, Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan obat kumur (mouthwash) dari ekstrak etanol tanaman bundung (Actinoscirpus grossus) sebagai antiseptik mulut, Jurnal Surya Medika, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 112–120, 2020.
[34] Ririn, A. I. Tandjung, and S. Wagola, Formulasi sediaan mouthwash dari sari buah sirih (Piper betle L.) varietas siriboah, As-Syifaa, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 153–161, 2013.
[35] A. U. Yap, F. Kurniawan, Y. Pragustine, and C. Marpaung, Temporomandibular Disorder and Somatic Symptoms: Relations to Fear of Missing Out and Other Negative Emotional States, Acta Odontol. Scand., vol. 83, pp. 340–347, 2024, doi: 10.2340/aos.v83.40776.
[36] Gusnawati, Z. Sabara, Munira, and S. Bakhri, Karakterisasi mutu pasta gigi dengan penambahan garam dan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) ditinjau dari SNI 12-3524-1995, Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2022.
[37] Syarmalina, D. Wirawan, and D. Rahmat, Formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak temu lawak berbasis kitosan sebagai antijerawat, Medical Sains, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 153–158, 2019.
[38] F. Livia, R. Tjandrawinata, C. D. Marpaung, D. Pratiwi, and K. Komariah, The Effect of Horn Beetle Nano Chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the Hardness of Glass-Ionomer Cement, J. Indones. Dent. Assoc., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 27–31, 2022, doi: 10.32793/jida.v5i1.719.
[39] N. Noval, R. Rosyifa, and A. Annisa, Effect of HPMC Concentration Variation as Gelling Agent on Physical Stability of Formulation Gel Ethanol Extract Bundung Plants (Actinuscirpus Grossus), in European Alliance for Innovation, 2020.
[40] F. Handayani, R. Sundu, and R. M. Sari, Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.), Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 422–433, 2017.
[41] D. T. Arya et al., Sintesis nanopartikel zirkonium dioksida (ZrO₂) dengan metode sol gel menggunakan ekstrak nanas sebagai pengkelat untuk aplikasi nanofluida pendingin, PILLAR OF PHYSICS, vol. 8, pp. 25–32, 2016.
[42] N. Noval, F. Ferlina, and K. B. Indartantri, Formulasi dan evaluasi suspensi ubi cilembu dengan menggunakan perbandingan suspending agent antara NA CMC dan XANTHAN GUM, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214479893
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
KURNIAWAN, Florencia Livia et al.
Characteristic and therapeutic effect of lemongrass leaf encapsulation with a different ratio of chitosan and NaTPP.
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 23, n. 1, p. 49-57, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2614-6495.
Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1570>. Date accessed: 24 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v23i1.1570.
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