Characteristic and therapeutic effect of lemongrass leaf encapsulation with a different ratio of chitosan and NaTPP
Abstract
The lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) in Indonesia has great potential as a natural ingredient for medicines because it contains various compounds such as neral, citral, geranial acetate, flavonoids, and tannins. Previous research has demonstrated various pharmacological activities of kitchen lemongrass leaves, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Encapsulation technology in the form of chitosan-NaTPP nanoparticles is used to maintain the activity of kitchen lemongrass leaf compounds. This research aims to determine the physical characteristics of the encapsulation of kitchen lemongrass leaf extract with several comparisons of chitosan and NaTPP by testing PSA (particle size analysis test), FTIR (functional group analysis test), viscosity, and stability, including pH and turbidity tests. Encapsulation with a 1:1 ratio of chitosan and NaTPP has a particle size of 524 nm and a PdI value of 0.481, classified as monodisperse (PdI <0.7). The pH value ranges from 6.46 to 7.30, and the viscosity value was 2.134 – 2.169 cP, which is still within mouthwash standards. The turbidity test showed stable encapsulation results. Therefore, encapsulation with a 1:1 ratio of chitosan and NaTPP is the most optimal choice and has potential for developing the therapeutic effect of mouthwash.
References
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[24] Rahayu ID, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome against Salmonella spp. Biodiversitas. 2019;20(11): 3322–7.
[25] Triatmojo RS. Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Nangka (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.) Pada Berbagai Variasi Komposisi Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat. 2018.
[26] Chasanah U, Mahmintari N, Hidayah F, Maghfiroh FA El, Rahmasari D, Nugraheni RW. Thin-layer hydration method to prepare a green tea extract niosomal gel and its antioxidant performance. European Pharmaceutical Journal. 2021;68(1):126–36.
[27] Haryono A, Restu WK, Harmami SB. Preparasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel aluminium fosfat. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 2012; 14(1): 51-55.
[28] Nurviana V. Potensi Antidioksidan Sediaan Nanopartikel Ekstrak Kernel Biji Limus (Mangifera foetida Lour). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana. 2020; 3(2): 144-151.
[29] Masykuroh A, Puspasari H. Aktivitas anti bakteri nano partikel perak (NPP) hasil biosintesis menggunakan ekstrak keladi sarawak Alocasia macrorrhizos terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. BIOMA : Jurnal Biologi Makasar. 2022;7(1):76–85.
[30] Antasionasti I, Jayanto I, Abdullah SS, Siampa JP. Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat antioksidan. CHEMISTRY PROGRESS. 2020;13(2): 77-85.
[31] Putri AI, Sundaryono A, Candra IN, FKIP PSPKJP. Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia. 2018; 2(2): 203–7.
[32] Morales-Olán G, Luna-Suárez S, Figueroa-Cárdenas JDD, Corea M, Rojas-López M. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Particles Loaded with Antioxidants Extracted from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds. International Journal of Analytical Cemistry. 2021;2021.
[33] Noval, Melviani, Novia, Syahrina D. Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan obat kumur (mouthwash) dari ekstrak
etanol tanaman bundung (Actinoscirpus grossus) sebagai antiseptik mulut. Jurnal Surya Medika. 2020; 6(02): 112–20.
[34] Ririn, Tandjung AI, Wagola S. Formulasi sediaan mouthwash dari sari buah sirih (Piper betle L.) varietas siriboah. As-Syifaa. 2013; 05(02): 153–61.
[35] Swaaij BWM Van, Slot DE, Weijden GA Van Der, Timmerman MF, Ruben JM. Fluoride, pH value, and titratable acidity of commercially available mouthwashes. Int Dent J [Internet]. 2023 Dec; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2023.09.002
[36] Gusnawati, Sabara Z, Munira, Bakhri S. Karakterisasi mutu pasta gigi dengan penambahan garam dan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) ditinjau dari SNI 12-3524-1995. Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan. 2022; 17(1): 41–9.
[37] Syarmalina, Wirawan D, Rahmat D. Formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak temu lawak berbasis kitosan sebagai antijerawat. Medical Sains. 2019; 3(2): 153–8.
[38] Livia F, Tjandrawinata R, Damayanti Marpaung C, Pratiwi D, Komariah K. The Effect of Horn Beetle Nano Chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the Surface Roughness of Glass-Ionomer Cement. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association. 2022; 5(1): 27-31.
[39] Noval N, Rosyifa R, Annisa A. Effect of HPMC Concentration Variation as Gelling Agent on Physical Stability of Formulation Gel Ethanol Extract Bundung Plants (Actinuscirpus Grossus). In European Alliance for Innovation n.o.; 2020.
[40] Handayani F, Sundu R, Sari RM. Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 2017;1(8):422–33.
[41] Arya DT, Ratnawulan, Dani, Syarif G, Fisika M, Universitas F, et al. Sintesis nanopartikel zirkonium dioksida (ZrO 2 ) dengan metode sol gel menggunakan ekstrak nanas sebagai pengkelat untuk aplikasi nanofluida pendingin. PILLAR OF PHYSICS. 2016; 8:25–32.
[42] Noval N, Ferlina F, Indartantri KB. Formulasi dan evaluasi suspensi ubi cilembu dengan menggunakan perbandingan suspending agent antara NA CMC dan XANTHAN GUM. In 2019. Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214479893
[2] Salami Yatuu U, Jusuf H, Ayini Lalu NS, Olahraga dan kesehatan f. Pengaruh perasan daun serai dapur (cymbopogon citratus) terhadap kematian larva aedes aegypti. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research. 2020;2(1):32–42.
[3] Brügger BP, Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Castro BM de C e., Soares MA, Wilcken CF, et al. Bioactivity of the cymbopogon citratus (poaceae) essential oil and its terpenoid constituents on the predatory bug, podisus nigrispinus (heteroptera: pentatomidae). Sci Rep. 2019 ;9(1):1.
[4] Komariah K, Poedjiastoeti W, Amtha R, Lestari S, Fibryanto E, Roberto ADP, et al. Pemanfaatan limbah serai dapur sebagai obat kumur dan hand sanitizer untuk meningkatkan pemberdayaan ekonomi. Abdi Moestopo: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat. 2022; 5(1):74–82.
[5] Pateiro M, Gómez B, Munekata PES, Barba FJ, Putnik P, Kovačević DB, et al. Nanoencapsulation of promising bioactive compounds to improve their absorption, stability, functionality and the appearance of the final food products. Molecules. 2021; 26(6): 1-26.
[6] Juliantoni Y, Hajrin W, Subaidah WA. Nanoparticle formula optimization of juwet seeds extract (syzygium cumini) using simplex lattice design method. Jurnal Biologi Tropis. 2020 ; 20(3):416–22.
[7] E. T. Webber, M. J., & Pashuck,. (Macro) molecular self-assembly for hydrogel drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Review. 2021; 172: 275-295.
[8] Indriani Putri A, Sundaryono A, Nyoman Candra I, Studi Pendidikan Kimia Jurusan PMIPA FKIP P. Karakterrisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Kimia. 2018;2(2):203–7.
[9] Purwandari V, Isnaeni I, Rahmi R, Akbari AZ, Akbari MZ. Formulasi nanoenkapsulasi ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) /Kitosan- Natrium Tripolifosfat (NaTPP). Journal of Science and Applicative Technology.2022; 6(2): 77.
[10] Ambarwati R, Y ulianita Y . Physical evaluation of transfersome that contains pandan leaves extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius R.). Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry. 2021; 5(4): 369–74.
[11] Grgić J, Šelo G, Planinić M, Tišma M, Bucić-Kojić A. Role of the encapsulation in bioavailability of phenolic compounds. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(10): 923.
[12] Asri D, Dan A, Wibowo AA. Teknologi enkapsulasi: teknik dan aplikasinya. Jurnal Teknologi Separasi. 2021;7(2): 202–209.
[13] Putri A, Rusli MS, Setyaningsih D. Enkapsulasi campuran minyak atsiri sebagai produk sediaan aromaterapi dengan teknik koaservasi kompleks. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian. 2020; 30(3):299–307.
[14] Klojdová I, Milota T, Smetanová J, Stathopoulos C. Encapsulation: A strategy to deliver therapeutics and bioactive compounds?. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(3): 2-19.
[15] Hulwah DOZ, Bobsaid J, Ramadhani M, Setiawati Y. Efektivitas Mouthwash Berbahan Dasar Ekstrak Camellia sinensis dan Mentha piperita sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek. 2022; 28(1): 30–9.
[16] Fitri D, Kiromah NZW, Widiastuti TC. Formulasi Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam
(Syzygium polyanthum) Pada Berbagai Variasi Komposisi Kitosan Dengan Metode Gelasi Ionik. JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research. 2020; 5(1): 61.
[17] Indraswary R, Amalina R, Firmansyah A. Effects of nano chitosan mouth spray on the epithelial thickness in the traumatic ulcus healing process (In vivo). MEDALI Journal. 2022; 4(1): 95-103.
[18] Sumeisey GN, Umboh SD, Tallei TE. Penyalutan bakteri asam laktat menggunakan nanopartikel kitosan. Pharmacon. 2019; 8(4): 843-850.
[19] Kusumo GG, Dipahayu D. The effect of nano extract formulation on antioxidant activity of 70% ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato’s leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) antin-3 variety. Journal Pharmasci (Journal of Pharmacy and Science). 2022; 7(1): 43–7.
[20] Kozłowska M, Ścibisz I, Przybył JL, Laudy AE, Majewska E, Tarnowska K, et al. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Selected Plant Material. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2022; 12(19): 9871.
[21] Adiningsih W, Vifta RL, Yuswantina R, Studi PS, Kesehatan FI. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etanol 96% buah strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) terhadap bakteri propionibacterium acnes. Generics : Journal of Research in Pharmacy. 2021; 1(1): 1-8.
[22] Noviyanti. Pengaruh kepolaran pelarut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun jambu brazil batu (Psidium guineense L.) dengan metode DPPH. Jurnal Farmako Bahari. 2016; 7(1): 29-35.
[23] Nichitoi MM, Josceanu AM, Isopescu RD, Isopencu GO, Geana EI, Ciucure CT, et al. Polyphenolics profile effects upon the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts. Scitific Reports. 2021; 11(1).
[24] Rahayu ID, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome against Salmonella spp. Biodiversitas. 2019;20(11): 3322–7.
[25] Triatmojo RS. Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Nangka (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.) Pada Berbagai Variasi Komposisi Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat. 2018.
[26] Chasanah U, Mahmintari N, Hidayah F, Maghfiroh FA El, Rahmasari D, Nugraheni RW. Thin-layer hydration method to prepare a green tea extract niosomal gel and its antioxidant performance. European Pharmaceutical Journal. 2021;68(1):126–36.
[27] Haryono A, Restu WK, Harmami SB. Preparasi dan karakterisasi nanopartikel aluminium fosfat. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 2012; 14(1): 51-55.
[28] Nurviana V. Potensi Antidioksidan Sediaan Nanopartikel Ekstrak Kernel Biji Limus (Mangifera foetida Lour). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana. 2020; 3(2): 144-151.
[29] Masykuroh A, Puspasari H. Aktivitas anti bakteri nano partikel perak (NPP) hasil biosintesis menggunakan ekstrak keladi sarawak Alocasia macrorrhizos terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. BIOMA : Jurnal Biologi Makasar. 2022;7(1):76–85.
[30] Antasionasti I, Jayanto I, Abdullah SS, Siampa JP. Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat antioksidan. CHEMISTRY PROGRESS. 2020;13(2): 77-85.
[31] Putri AI, Sundaryono A, Candra IN, FKIP PSPKJP. Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia. 2018; 2(2): 203–7.
[32] Morales-Olán G, Luna-Suárez S, Figueroa-Cárdenas JDD, Corea M, Rojas-López M. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Particles Loaded with Antioxidants Extracted from Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds. International Journal of Analytical Cemistry. 2021;2021.
[33] Noval, Melviani, Novia, Syahrina D. Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan obat kumur (mouthwash) dari ekstrak
etanol tanaman bundung (Actinoscirpus grossus) sebagai antiseptik mulut. Jurnal Surya Medika. 2020; 6(02): 112–20.
[34] Ririn, Tandjung AI, Wagola S. Formulasi sediaan mouthwash dari sari buah sirih (Piper betle L.) varietas siriboah. As-Syifaa. 2013; 05(02): 153–61.
[35] Swaaij BWM Van, Slot DE, Weijden GA Van Der, Timmerman MF, Ruben JM. Fluoride, pH value, and titratable acidity of commercially available mouthwashes. Int Dent J [Internet]. 2023 Dec; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2023.09.002
[36] Gusnawati, Sabara Z, Munira, Bakhri S. Karakterisasi mutu pasta gigi dengan penambahan garam dan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) ditinjau dari SNI 12-3524-1995. Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan. 2022; 17(1): 41–9.
[37] Syarmalina, Wirawan D, Rahmat D. Formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak temu lawak berbasis kitosan sebagai antijerawat. Medical Sains. 2019; 3(2): 153–8.
[38] Livia F, Tjandrawinata R, Damayanti Marpaung C, Pratiwi D, Komariah K. The Effect of Horn Beetle Nano Chitosan (Xylotrupes gideon) on the Surface Roughness of Glass-Ionomer Cement. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association. 2022; 5(1): 27-31.
[39] Noval N, Rosyifa R, Annisa A. Effect of HPMC Concentration Variation as Gelling Agent on Physical Stability of Formulation Gel Ethanol Extract Bundung Plants (Actinuscirpus Grossus). In European Alliance for Innovation n.o.; 2020.
[40] Handayani F, Sundu R, Sari RM. Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari Sediaan Mouthwash Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 2017;1(8):422–33.
[41] Arya DT, Ratnawulan, Dani, Syarif G, Fisika M, Universitas F, et al. Sintesis nanopartikel zirkonium dioksida (ZrO 2 ) dengan metode sol gel menggunakan ekstrak nanas sebagai pengkelat untuk aplikasi nanofluida pendingin. PILLAR OF PHYSICS. 2016; 8:25–32.
[42] Noval N, Ferlina F, Indartantri KB. Formulasi dan evaluasi suspensi ubi cilembu dengan menggunakan perbandingan suspending agent antara NA CMC dan XANTHAN GUM. In 2019. Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214479893
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
KURNIAWAN, Florencia Livia et al.
Characteristic and therapeutic effect of lemongrass leaf encapsulation with a different ratio of chitosan and NaTPP.
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 23, n. 1, p. 47-56, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2614-6495.
Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1570>. Date accessed: 04 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v23i1.1570.
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