Optimization of hand sanitizer gels containing soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf extract using Simplex Lattice Design method
Abstract
Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a plant whose leaf extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins and can be antibacterial. Based on the compounds it contains, soursop leaf extract can be an active substance in hand sanitizer gel preparations. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the resulting hand sanitizer gel and the optimum concentration of the base combination that can produce a qualified hand sanitizer gel. This study used a Simplex Lattice Design experimental method with two factors (carbomer 940 and HPMC). Three hand sanitizer gels were prepared, with a ratio of carbomer 940:HPMC for F1 (1%:0%), F2 (0.5%:0.5%), and F3 (0%:1%). Tests conducted on hand sanitizer gel preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, and viscosity. The results of physical properties tests (spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity) were analyzed using Design Expert 11. The results showed that carbomer 940 and HPMC could increase viscosity and adhesion but could decrease spreadability. Ethanol extract of soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) could be formulated and optimized into hand sanitizer gels. The optimum formula contained carbomer 940 0% and HPMC 1%, obtained in Formula 3 with a desirability value of 0.986.
References
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[17] T. Prayoga, I. Agustina, N. Lisnawati, R. Robby, and N. Hidayah. Formulası gel hand sanıtızer ekstrak daun Belımbıng Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). JIIS. 2024; 9(1): 209-17. https://doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v9i1.1860
[18] H.F. Asyharı, K.B. Cabral, and E.R. Wıkantyasnıng. Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf extract in nanoemulgel and antiacnes activity test against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Pharmacon. 2023; 20(2): 216-225. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23308.
[19] D. Saryanti, and I.N. Zulfa. Optimasi karbopol dan gliserol sebagai basis gel antiseptik tangan ekstrak etanol daun Ceremai (Phyllantus acidus (L.) skeels) dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2017; 02(01): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v2i01.5238
[20] F.L. Mahmudah, and S. Atun. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. JPS. 2017; 22(1): 59–66.
[21] O.S. Marsono, T.E. Susilorini, and P. Surjowardojo. Pengaruh lama penyimpanan dekok daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) terhadap aktivitas daya hambat bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae penyebab matitis pada sapi perah. JITST. 2017; 12(1): 47–60.
[22] D.R. Ningsih, Zusfahair, and D. Kartika. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder serta uji aktivitas ekstrak daun Sirsak sebagai antibakteri. J Mol. 2016; 11 (1): 101-111.
[22] D. Yovitasari, A. Retnaningsih, and V. Elsyana. Uji daya hambat ekstrak daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonasa eruginosa dengan metode difusi agar. J Farm Malahayati. 2018; 1(1): 1–4.
[23] E. Hanani. Analisis Fitokimia. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC, 2017.
[24] Â. Liberal, A.K. Molina, C. Pereira, M.I. Dias, I.C.F.R. Ferreira, and L. Barros. Chapter 4 - Solid-liquid extraction of polyphenols. Technologies to Recover Polyphenols from AgroFood By-products and Wastes. Academic Press: Elsevier, 2022, p. 73-112.
[25] D. Kumaradewi, W. Subaidah, D. Andayani, and A. Al-Mokaram. Phytochemical Screening and Activity Test of Antioxidant Ethanol Extract of Buni Leaves (Antidesma bunius L. Spreng) Using DPPH Method. JPP IPA. 2021; 7(2): 275-280. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v7i2.675
[26] S.D. Marliana, V. Suryanti, and Suryono. Skrining fitokimia dan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis komponen kimia buah Labu Siam (Sechium edule Jachq.Swartz) dalam ekstrak etanol. Biofarmasi. 2005; 3(1): 26–31.
[27] E. Ergina, S. Nuryanti, and I.D. Pursitasari. Uji kualitatif senyawa metabolit sekunder pada daun Palado (Agave angustifolia ) yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut air dan etanol. J Akad Kim. 2014; 3(3): 165–172.
[28] Y.S. Puspariani, “Isolasi dan identifikasi saponin pada kecambah Kedelai (Glycine max L.),” Thesis, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, 2007.
[29] S. Purwaningsih, E. Salamah, and T.A. Budiarti. Formulasi skin lotion dengan penambahan karagenan dan antioksidan alami dari Rhizophora mucronata Lamk . Akuatika. 2014; 5(1): 55–62.
[30] A. Nurwulan, and I.P. Taufani. Optimasi basis gel ekstrak etanol daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) berbasis kombinasi HPMC dan karbopol sebagai anti jerawat menggunakan aplikasi faktorial desain. NPKTI. Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 2017. https://www.scribd.com/document/425188752/12-NASKAH-PUBLIKASI.
[31] N. Octavia). Formulasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer minyak atsiri Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): Uji stabilitas fisik dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 2016. https://eprints.ums.ac.id/45035/1/Naskah%20Publikasi.pdf
[32] R.I. Tranggono, and F. Latifah. Buku Pegangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kosmetik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2007.
[33] Y. Sukawaty, A. Apriliana, and H. Warnida. Formula dan evaluasi gel pembersih tangan ekstrak Bawang Tiwai (Eleutherine bulbosa ( Mill .) Urb). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2017; 3(1): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v3i1.94
[34] S. Suryani, A. Nafisah, and S. Mana’an, S. (2017). Antioxidants gel formula optimation of Bligo fruit ethanolic extract (Benincasa hispida) by Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. Galenika J Pharm. 2017; 3(2): 150-156. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.0.v0.i0.8815
[2] L. Mardiana, and J. Ratnasari. Ramuan dan Khasiat Sirsak. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya, 2014.
[3] L.Widyawati, B.A.A. Mustariani, and E. Purmafitriah. Formulatıon of gel hand sanıtızer ethanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona murıcata Linn) as antıbacterıal to Staphylococcus aureus. J Farmasetis. 2017; 6(2): 47-57. https://doi.org/10.32583/farmasetis.v6i2.274
[4] E. Lindawati, N. Lestarie, E. Nurlaela, M. Rival, and S. Maryati. Inovasi “Kewangi” sebagai gel antiseptik alami dari minyak atsiri Kemangi (Ocimum canum). Laporan Akhir-PKM Penelitian. Bogor: IPB, 2014.
[5] M. Shu. Formulasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer dengan bahan aktif triklosan 0,5% dan 1%. Calyptra. 2013; 2(1): 1–14.
[6] J.I. Wijaya. Formulasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer dengan bahan aktif triklosan 1,5% dan 2%. Calyptra. 2013; 2(1), 1–14.
[7] F. Firmansyah, H. Kholifah, and L. Chabib. Formulasi gel hand sanitizer ekstrak buah Belimbing Wuluh dengan variasi karbopol 940 dan HPMC. J Islamic Pharm. 2022; 7(1): 69-73. https://doi.org/10.18860/jip.v7i1.13839
[8] N. Nahdhia, M.A.S. Rijal, E. Hendradi, and R.T. Widodo. (2024). Application of the Simplex Lattice Design Method to determine the optimal formula of diclofenac sodium nanoemulsion. JFIKI. 2024; 11(2): 137-146. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki. v11i12024.137-146
[9] V. Saraung. Pengaruh varıası babıs karbopol dan hpmc pada formulası gel ekstrak etanol daun Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. dan ujı aktıvıtas antıbakterı terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacon. 2018; 7(3). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.7.2018.20452
[10] Depkes RI. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (I). Jakarta: Depkes RI , 2000.
[11] Depkes RI. Materia Medika Indonesia (V–VI). Jakarta: Depkes RI, 1995.
[12] J.B. Harborne. Metode Fitokimia. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung, 1987. (Translation)
[13] E. Kusumawati, A. Apriliana, and R. Yulia. Kemampuan antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Nangka (Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) terhadap Escherichia coli. J Sains Kes. 2017; 1(7): 327–332. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v1i7.51
[14] L. Nurdianti, S.F. Azzahra, and N. Aji. Pengembangan formulasi sediaan gel rambut antiketombe ekstrak daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) dengan menggunakan viscolam sebagai gelling agent dan uji aktivitasnya terhadap jamur Pityrosporum ovale. JKBTH. 2017; 17(2): 456–467.
[15] J. Adnan. Formulasi gel ekstrak daun Beluntas ( Pluceaindica less ) dengan Na-CMC sebagai basis gel. J Pharm Sci Herb Technol. 2017; 1(1): 41–44.
[16] M.S. Lateh. “Formulasi sediaan gel tangan sanitizer ekstrak etanol buah Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff. et Anders) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus,” M.S. thesis, Univ. Muh. Surakarta, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, 2015.
[17] T. Prayoga, I. Agustina, N. Lisnawati, R. Robby, and N. Hidayah. Formulası gel hand sanıtızer ekstrak daun Belımbıng Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). JIIS. 2024; 9(1): 209-17. https://doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v9i1.1860
[18] H.F. Asyharı, K.B. Cabral, and E.R. Wıkantyasnıng. Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf extract in nanoemulgel and antiacnes activity test against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Pharmacon. 2023; 20(2): 216-225. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23308.
[19] D. Saryanti, and I.N. Zulfa. Optimasi karbopol dan gliserol sebagai basis gel antiseptik tangan ekstrak etanol daun Ceremai (Phyllantus acidus (L.) skeels) dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2017; 02(01): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v2i01.5238
[20] F.L. Mahmudah, and S. Atun. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. JPS. 2017; 22(1): 59–66.
[21] O.S. Marsono, T.E. Susilorini, and P. Surjowardojo. Pengaruh lama penyimpanan dekok daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) terhadap aktivitas daya hambat bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae penyebab matitis pada sapi perah. JITST. 2017; 12(1): 47–60.
[22] D.R. Ningsih, Zusfahair, and D. Kartika. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder serta uji aktivitas ekstrak daun Sirsak sebagai antibakteri. J Mol. 2016; 11 (1): 101-111.
[22] D. Yovitasari, A. Retnaningsih, and V. Elsyana. Uji daya hambat ekstrak daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonasa eruginosa dengan metode difusi agar. J Farm Malahayati. 2018; 1(1): 1–4.
[23] E. Hanani. Analisis Fitokimia. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC, 2017.
[24] Â. Liberal, A.K. Molina, C. Pereira, M.I. Dias, I.C.F.R. Ferreira, and L. Barros. Chapter 4 - Solid-liquid extraction of polyphenols. Technologies to Recover Polyphenols from AgroFood By-products and Wastes. Academic Press: Elsevier, 2022, p. 73-112.
[25] D. Kumaradewi, W. Subaidah, D. Andayani, and A. Al-Mokaram. Phytochemical Screening and Activity Test of Antioxidant Ethanol Extract of Buni Leaves (Antidesma bunius L. Spreng) Using DPPH Method. JPP IPA. 2021; 7(2): 275-280. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v7i2.675
[26] S.D. Marliana, V. Suryanti, and Suryono. Skrining fitokimia dan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis komponen kimia buah Labu Siam (Sechium edule Jachq.Swartz) dalam ekstrak etanol. Biofarmasi. 2005; 3(1): 26–31.
[27] E. Ergina, S. Nuryanti, and I.D. Pursitasari. Uji kualitatif senyawa metabolit sekunder pada daun Palado (Agave angustifolia ) yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut air dan etanol. J Akad Kim. 2014; 3(3): 165–172.
[28] Y.S. Puspariani, “Isolasi dan identifikasi saponin pada kecambah Kedelai (Glycine max L.),” Thesis, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, 2007.
[29] S. Purwaningsih, E. Salamah, and T.A. Budiarti. Formulasi skin lotion dengan penambahan karagenan dan antioksidan alami dari Rhizophora mucronata Lamk . Akuatika. 2014; 5(1): 55–62.
[30] A. Nurwulan, and I.P. Taufani. Optimasi basis gel ekstrak etanol daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) berbasis kombinasi HPMC dan karbopol sebagai anti jerawat menggunakan aplikasi faktorial desain. NPKTI. Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 2017. https://www.scribd.com/document/425188752/12-NASKAH-PUBLIKASI.
[31] N. Octavia). Formulasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer minyak atsiri Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.): Uji stabilitas fisik dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, 2016. https://eprints.ums.ac.id/45035/1/Naskah%20Publikasi.pdf
[32] R.I. Tranggono, and F. Latifah. Buku Pegangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kosmetik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2007.
[33] Y. Sukawaty, A. Apriliana, and H. Warnida. Formula dan evaluasi gel pembersih tangan ekstrak Bawang Tiwai (Eleutherine bulbosa ( Mill .) Urb). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2017; 3(1): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v3i1.94
[34] S. Suryani, A. Nafisah, and S. Mana’an, S. (2017). Antioxidants gel formula optimation of Bligo fruit ethanolic extract (Benincasa hispida) by Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. Galenika J Pharm. 2017; 3(2): 150-156. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.0.v0.i0.8815
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
KOSASIH, Kosasih; LISMAWATI, Dita; ADINUGROHO, Rifael Satrio.
Optimization of hand sanitizer gels containing soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf extract using Simplex Lattice Design method.
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, [S.l.], v. 23, n. 1, p. 67-82, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2614-6495.
Available at: <http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/1717>. Date accessed: 04 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v23i1.1717.
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